Electrically heated building structure



March z, 1954 D. RUBENSTIN 2,671,158

ELECTRICALLY HEATED BUILDING. STRUCTURE Filed Dec. 17, 1951 Patented Mar. 2, 1954 ELECTRICALLY HEATED BUILDING STRUCTURE David Rubenstein, San Diego, Calif. Application December 17, 1951, Serial No. 267,166

19 Claims.

This invention relates to'particles useful in the manufacture of plastic-laminated shock, impactand fracture-resisting constructions, building members and the like.

The main object of this invention is to provide rapidly placed and immediately useful materials adapted to be incorporated into and laminated upon concrete bodies.

A further object of the present invention is to achieve the mass production of elements useful in the reinforcing of concrete structures.

A further object of this invention is to provide means for forming compact, light weight layers of high strength laminated for reinforcing concrete. Said means being ready for use in single or multiple layers are adapted to bond to concrete and congeal into unitary structural reinforcement securely and permanently bonded and attached to concrete bodies.

A further object of this invention is to make stranded cable-like reinforcements at place of use, coming to said place o'f use in packaged assembly of necessary component materials in the most compact form and package containing within itself means for heating at the location of use so as to develop the bond and other desired properties of the resin.

A further object is to provide means and make reinforcing that is packaged in reels or spools or the like of long lengths and assorted widths that can be cut to desired length or shape and also provide means for curing on site, the laminated structures and constructions when placed in use and made from packaged components assembled and prepared for use as disclosed herein.

A further object of this invention is to provide means of heating and polymerizing and curing the plastics by means contained Within the package so that any one, even the unskilled can readily make plastic laminated structures of required strength, including, if desired, reinforcing bers and llers and other desired components in conjunction with the cured plastics.

As set forth and claimed in my co-pending application, Serial No. 340,642 divided from this application and led January 16, 1953, inations made can.be assemblies which make composite members of great strength and durability. Also these bodies can be bonded one to the other to form unitary structures and constructions so designed as to be static structures when loaded with normal loading requirements and also will be able to withstand dynamic shock -and impact.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration ofthe following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein satisfactory embodiments of the invention are shown. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details disclosed but includes all such variations and modifications as fall within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

In the drawings: n

Figure 1 is a view showing a cross section of a cable of my invention.

Figure 2 is a side View of cable of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is an isometric view showing a modied form of this invention.

Figure 4 is a fragmentary sectional view showing a portion of a modified structure similarA to that of Figure 3 but on an enlarged scale.

Figure 5 is a sectional View like that of Figure 4, but broken. with the left portion showing a cover sheet being stripped oli and the right portion showing the bonding of the unit to concrete.

Figure 6 is a sectional View showing a further embodiment of the invention.

This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 210,803.

Referring to the drawings, the strands used as reinforcing are designated 2 and the same comprises a plurality of strands, each covered with a plastic resin or resins 2|.

Any desired number of strands 2, depending on the required cross sectional area of reinforcement required are laid together in non-abrasive relationship and impregnated and coated with plastic resin 2l which contains catalyst 5 neces sary for polymerization of the resin when said catalyst is allowed to act by contact and diffusion through the resin and upon proper temperature being attained by the mass through resistance source 28. strands, multi-directional strands, fiber mats, unidirectional fabrics and multi-directional fab# ries, in combmation, or either of them as required necessary cross sectional area of reinforcement to carry the required designed loads. The strands are orientated usually in the direction of the greatest tensile strength of the laminated construction, however, compressive strengths, shear strengths and torsion strengths are designed for by orientation and placement by providingA opposing resistive forces against applied loads.

In accordance with the invention described and claimed in my copending application, Serial required strengths and quantities each strand i type has its best use.

It is preferred, where high strength valir'es.

are needed, to use fiber glass in itsvarious forms of strands, mats, roving, and fabrics, especially is goed for 300,000 p. s. i. ultimate in tension.

There are several various resins as hereindis--' closed that can be said to`-come under these sevlLVir'iyl. resins yvhichin'clude resins made Afrom res" derivatives of vinyl llgrin lastic materials 'and substances The; synthetic @andi natural plastics also will provid@ usablei'materials: fand Y they include f as herein mentioned for-illustrative Vpurposes but notorincludingfalli ofnthe' plastics: usable, 'the .followingbutrnot limited-'to the following;v ,1. Bona and remmen-(polmonari'butadiene-i 2.Punrr dut-oer hydrochloride) 3'. Nprenej (po`ly`1 `neri`zedj chlo'roprerre)` Thioko'l (polymethylenepoly'sulphidel" fbfornesit' (Acli` lo`ri'nated'j'rubloeriy 6.' 'Pliform '('is'onreri'zd rubber-i" '7. Any latex of the'above Therenvelope t is preferably Qf =eXb1ep1aS tic', b1.1;tI` also acariA bey rigldrfany' convenient l length orfkeptgin long lengthsA folded at intervals. for easy. .packaging-and ,handling- ,The envlvpe; 3 can be made outlof-butmot limited .tojthe ,iol-- lowina cellophane, .celulosaaetata; 'icl-hilos@ acetatezbutyrata v,el'lillrrinata ethyl ,Cellulosef- -nolrvinvlz chloride, vinyl :chloride-acetate copolymer,11owirrinyliflenechlordel `(Salam i, Vinyl Chloride-vinyli'dene;fehlende copolymers, nel vinyl alcohol; -polythylena rolytetrafluoribrll enazpoliystylener. poly-amide `(nylon), rubber ilydrochloride;` rubber vinyl, usedl alone orsin a 'confrp atgiblecombination .with bonding resins, one Aof Which-4 could be an unsaturated polyester resin and--bcenzoyl peroxide Catalyst; with added Strrene for/iv viscosity control and lead, copper, bronze oryrubbergas inhibitors.I q v Such flexibleenvelope I oackages 4with their contained resins -may bev-stored and lkept in stock ready for ruse 'for yreasonable periodsci time without-deterioration. ,l y Y q l Y The-catalyst 5 may be incorporatedin the resin crit-may lbe packaged in a yseparateenvelope 4 -rnade offa suitable-plastc--resin-or other tight container, advantageouslyspaghettilike` in form; andcompletely sealed. The spaghetti-like ilexible envelope 4 containing catalyst-5 ifrlexiv-A blefis: subject to osmotic action or puncturingfor cords, stringsgf cables in tension" asrber 'glasspacted and handled so as to release the catalyst 5 into the resin 2| when it is desired to polymerize and cure the resins 2l to make up a laminated construction from the packaged materials. The catalyst 5 can be of a type that requires substantial heat to complete the reaction between resin 2l and catalyst 5 and this heat is provided by electrical current passed-A through Wire I9. Also, the resins 2 i?V can be suchfasl` are settable at room temperature.

The iexible envelopes 3 and can have tensile strengths up to the order of 28,000 p. s. i. together With-'otherfdesired properties particularly chemical. 'and mechanical properties, as uses require; or Vseveral materials may be combined for making-"envelopes-S and 4.

Fiber ,glass fion example, may have an ultimate tensile strength of 300,000 lbs, per square inchas' compared to new rope of the order of 10,000 to 14,000 p. s. i. (specifications of the U. S. Navy Department-issued in October. .1929) Strands 42 Imay -befprotected against abrasion and Wear by covering them with 'resin-plastic: and even lubricating the'magainst Wearing con# tacts when pliable resins 2l are used, better results will be attainedfromfthe fibrcuszreinforc ments l2.7 Orientation and agglomeration in creases strength of the strandedmass 'inassernbly whennxedby plastic-'resins 2 Referring to Fig. l andFigtZ .the plastic envelope 3 canbe made by;extrusion;arid-fineV resistance Wire i9 is embedded'lin the plastic resinf2 i being pulled .into =thef body of Vthe resin :2 l The package of l*Fignre'l'can bemad'e bycovering with the resin .2i these :strands 2 andthe spaghettia like catalyst i containers 4 and.' enveloping afl-.heinin the-envelope1 .3.- The'fvvhole:assembly` being pliable andfplastic-,his wound in'reels of'suitable4` diameter so as notte .fracture or damage the strands 2.-

The .package'can :alsoy be -made lby pulling strands 2,fsuchas-rovingfthrough suitable-sizing means in which theK resistance-'wire l0 also is pulled :and `the fspaghettielike' catalyst 5 containeralso oriented fand 'placed adj acent 'to the strands 2 vand 'the :Whole v .asse y 'blylsprayed Jor= dipped` or coated with pliable plastic 3, eng-W a"Pliol`rlin-y type-ofI cover; liquid plastic resins 2| `then being introduced'byupre'ssure fpumpingfor the flike into the envelope-'3.1

Onarrivalatthesite of use ythe package reinl forcement is unrolledand' placed fwth'in f or upon a rconcrete' 'construction 'and anchorage provided as end restraints' andllprestress'ing of `vthe strands accomplished .ifi desired:

When :put irnpla'ce; icatalystr is released.Y into the plastic: resin t2 tythefelectrical yresistanceA wire' i 9 vconnected into an fenergizingbircuit and the' heated fwire z T9 allowed CtoV fheat the massr -to ra predetermined temperature'and curesaid :mass in placeasY Va 'reinforcement .making 'outl orirthe plain `concrete a Areinforcedipre-stressed concrete construction.

`Depending.nponlthe,flexible envelope materials usedf-bonded or' nonibonded 'reinforcements can benadf (if. desired, additionalFbndingliplastis'or plastic resins can 'fbe'applidfon the' :exteriorfof the reinforcing mass-priorfto coverling witn'fccnv crete and bond attainedaby-p'enetratingfthe=adiacentY pores Iby thethermosetting fplastic'fresins of the reinforcement Figureg shows-,a .plura1ity oil Ywires-.i 9 fand fa nattypefflexibleplasticenvelopeenclosure 3 cori-l taining iiber glass mat 2 which is surrounded and may-be Asubject to `crushingf,when :properly i1n. 75 permeated-by plastic resin 2 Ihe sealed edges 20 provide protection in handling, and the method of heat sealing the plastic resin envelope 3 also can be used intermittently along the construction to seal oi desired lengths.

Fig. 3 also shows electrical circuit I9, 26, 2l, 2 8 used in applying heat for polymerization and curing of the plastic resins.

Figure 4 is an enlarged partial cross sectional' view of Fig. 3 and shows exible envelope 3 containing plastic resins 2|, iibrous reinforcements 2, spaghetti-like envelope 4 containing catalyst 5, resistance wire I9 and peel-off type plastic resin envelope covering 22 which will be used when envelope 3 is made plastic resin envelope that is tacky and sticky and adhesive and that will readily bond to porous surfaces and other bondable surfaces.

Fig. 5 further illustrates the cross sectional area of the embodied invention bonded to concrete l and particularly illustrates the use of an additional surface layer of adhesive plastic resin 23, which, before application to the concrete is protected by the peel-off cover 22 and as shown, has iinger-like penetrations, permeations and also is bonded to the reinforcement. Fiber reinforcement can be used in the resin 23 that projects into the body of the concrete.

The peel-oli type plastic resin 22 is shown partially pulled off with the laminate bonded to the concrete I Figure 6 is an enlarged cross section showing ber glass strands 2 enclosed in plastic resin envelope 3 permeated and impregnated with plastic resin 2l, with spaghetti-like plastic envelope l containing catalyst 5 placed adjacent to the fiber glass strands 2. The strands 2 are spaced and contained in the plastic resin envelope 3 by heat sealing at 30. Resistance wire I9 is also adjacent to the fiber glass strands 2 and the whole assembly is covered with and protected by a layer of plastic resin 2l enclosed in plastic envelope 3.

Partially completed layers of reinforced plastic resins made in any concrete precast unit sizes of multiples thereof as herein disclosed can be prepared for bonding to the concrete bodies in the factory so that bonding resins or adhesives used are standardized and the pieces die stamped or otherwise precision produced in multiple so that the completed work at the site of use is accurate, uniform and workmanlike.

Of the plastic resin groups that could be used, some of these are as follows: but not limited to these resin groups herein disclosed.

The vinyl derivatives and vinyl resins, the phenol formaldehyde, tar acids and formaldehyde, furfuraldehyde phenol, various aldehydes and cresol and the like; urea and aniline formaldehyde resins, condensed aniline and formaldehyde and other aldehydes. The alkyd resins in all forms compatible With urea, and resins developed from paratoluensulphonamide. Resin from sugar and molasses; polyisobutadiene and related vinyl derivatives; resins made by esterications or polybasic acids with polyhydric alcohols. Polyisobutylene polymerized with boron triluoride and also polyisobutadiene, indene resins, natural and synthetic plastics, cellulose, and its derivatives and assorted products, protein plastic such as casein, polypentamethylene sebacamide (nylon), petroleum plastic derivatives, nitrogenous condensation products, resins having germ killing properties or that possess such properties for a limited time period all are desirable for specied uses when so designed.

practical and which'with other resins in combination or alone can and will meet the 'needs of the constructions herein disclosed.

One important element is the shrinkage factor each resin or combination has since the forces developed by the shrinkage are put to work to prestress the constructions. The relationship to temperatures andchanges thereof'and particularly ambient temperatures will partly determine selection of resins used for specilic constructions.

Fibers'selected are subject to stress analysis and eachv `usedictates selection based on cost, availability and lstrength characteristics. Fiber glass, at present is preferred as the highest strength economical material (300,000 p. s. i. ultimate in tension) with respect to tension loading. It has other definite advantages and characteristics inherent to its nature.

Concrete is a variable material depended upon almost universally. There are many aggregate sources by which the engineer can construct good concrete qualities. With care and present know how 10,000 p. s. i. (in compression) concrete is commercially available.

The combinations of the materials herein disclosed and the resulting constructions will provide for eld use, strong reinforcing made of nonmetallic materials capable Vof being used alone or in combination with metallic known materials.

I claim:

of strands permeated and covered with plastic resin in its un-polymerized state; means disposed along the outer edge of the plurality of strands to heat said plastic and strands to a predetermined temperature; means disposed along and among the strands and the plastic to catalyze the plastic and polymerize the plastics to a cured state at the site of use; and means to package said materials in prepared-for-use state in a unitary package readily transportable for use.

2. A building construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the plastic resins are colored.

3. A building construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the plastic resins are lled with discrete v particles of ller materials.

4. A building construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the strands are ber glass.

5. A building construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which means for heating comprises one or more resistance wires embedded in the plastic layer of the construction.

6. A construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which a plastic envelope, strands, plastic resins in their un-polymerized state are assembled with the other claimed parts and components into cable like forms and are pliable and readily coiled up.

7. A construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the strands are arranged in longitudinal series into pliable cable like forms coiled upon a reel.

8. A construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the strands are arranged in longitudinal series enclosed in a plastic envelope and sealed into compartments of the envelope.

9. A construction unit as claimed in claim 1; in which the means to package said materials comprises one or more plastic envelopes subdivided by heat sealing.

10. A construction unit as claimed in claim 1;

handled withoutmucl'iv awaits inwhch. thebers are. mliltifdiizectionalherglass, of desiredl strengthN 13. A .ccmstructicm.unitas.claimeclinL claiml;

in. which the. means-to catalyze. theplastic` com.-

prises catalyst .packagedin.sDghetti-likeplasticy resinenclosure which..is.,rupturab1e-.by pressure.. toI release said catalystinta thehondihgplastic. resin..y

1.4. vA constructionunit.astclaimedrinvclam 13.;

in which the means. to catalyze. the-iplastic.corn.,-`

prises al catalyst in. arpackagethrough, the walls of which the catalyst isrelease by osmotic, :3.6.--v tion.

15,. A construction. .unit asy claimedin` claxzul,t

in which the materialsused. in combinationhave.

substantial flexural strength.

16. A construction unit as claimed in claiml;

in. which the. packagd--materials used, when.,

polymerization and cure. are. ,conipleteclv at the. site of. use, have substantiaLtensile. strength.,

17,. "A constructiomunit. as .claimed claim, 1; in which the packaged materials used, whempolymex-ization `and .cure -are .completed at, thesite of use,` have substantiaLtorsional strength.

18. A. constructionzuntas-.clamed in claim 1; in which the packaged materials used, when-puy. merization and. Vculle are. completed. at the siteof userhaxle. substantial compressionv strength.

19. A construction unitasolaimed in 'clamly in. which thepackaged. materials used, when` polymerization and cure; are completed. at the site of use,have substantialshear streng th DAVID VRUBENSL'JEIN.

Referencesy Cited in. the file 0f this paleny UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 830204" Boyle Sept. 4; 1906- 1,142,771 Hadaway, JF.' June 8', 1915 1-,37'6-39817 l Wirt' 1 May 3, 1921 lill-42,159` Hynes Dec. 31; 19291v 1,960,120i Mehring Vl\`/Ia,122l 1931 1,972,439 Dresser'- Sept.4 4,-119534 2,241,312@ LutyA May- 6; 19411-v 253952100' Gallay et al. Jan. 15-3 1946- 2346932'04 Peters May 3', 19491 2,502,147 Grothouse Mar. 28. 1950 257565444; Clinefelter` Nov.' 2?, -19`5'1- FOREIGN 1?''llll-"JN TSV lxluziiberA f Country Date'.

592,431 Great Britain Sept; ifi-51941: 

